Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models

PBPK models describe where a drug goes and how it is eliminated, using the body's real organ volumes, blood flows and clearance pathways. That makes them the tool for questions like drug-drug interactions and dosing in children. Each model is an mrgsolve model and runs in your browser; nothing to install. The first load takes about half a minute while R starts up in the page.

Whole-body small-molecule PBPK

Rodgers & Rowland KpPediatric scaling4 drugs

Twelve perfusion-limited tissues with mechanistic partitioning, hepatic and renal clearance, oral absorption, and first-order pediatric scaling with GFR maturation and enzyme ontogeny.

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Rodgers & Rowland, J Pharm Sci 2005/2006; tissue data from Utsey et al., Drug Metab Dispos 2020; Rhodin et al., Pediatr Nephrol 2009.

DDI: rifampicin induces CYP3A (midazolam)

Enzyme turnoverLiver and gutAuto-induction

Rifampicin's full PBPK model induces hepatic and intestinal CYP3A; midazolam shows the consequence, and how it wears off after rifampicin stops.

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Asaumi R, Toshimoto K, Tobe Y, et al. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018;7:186-196.

DDI: OATP inhibition vs induction (glibenclamide)

TransportersComplex DDITiming

Rifampicin blocks OATP uptake of glibenclamide while present and induces CYP2C9/3A over days, so the interaction flips direction depending on when the victim drug is taken.

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Asaumi R, Toshimoto K, Tobe Y, et al. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018;7:186-196.

Monoclonal antibodies: minimal PBPK with TMDD

Tight / leaky ISFLymphTarget binding

Convective distribution into the interstitial fluid of two tissue groups and lymph return, with optional target-mediated disposition; trastuzumab and ten other antibodies.

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Cao Y, Balthasar JP, Jusko WJ. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013;40:597-607; Cao Y, Jusko WJ. 2014;41:375-387.

Bispecific antibodies: two targets in a minimal PBPK body

T-cell engagerSoluble targetsAvidity

One drug, two arms: neutralising two cytokines at once, bridging T cells and B cells (mosunetuzumab), and steering a weak therapeutic arm to tumour cells with a strong targeting arm. How CD3 affinity decides how much drug T cells clear.

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Spinosa P, Joslyn L, Ramanujan S, Gadkar K, Hosseini I. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2026;15:e70167. Built from the authors' SimBiology project.

CAR-T cells: biodistribution and tumour killing

Cell therapyPreclinical, mouseCAR affinity

Where infused CAR-T cells go in a tumour-bearing mouse, how many reach the tumour, and how CAR affinity and antigen density together decide whether the tumour is cleared. Affinity saturates: past a point, tighter binding adds nothing.

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Singh AP, Zheng X, Lin-Schmidt X, et al. mAbs 2020;12:1688616. Mouse physiology and xenograft data.

How it works

Every model is an mrgsolve model file. Run locally with mrgsolve installed, the apps simulate through mrgsolve. In the browser, the small-molecule model is solved exactly by matrix exponential, and the other models are translated to R and solved with a stiff Rosenbrock solver. The test suite checks each browser engine against mrgsolve, and each model against its published results, before every deployment. Source: github.com/Wrlog/PBPK. For models that add pharmacodynamics and disease biology, see the QSP models.